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Expert Network Time Protocol
An Experience in Time with NTP
by Peter Rybaczyk
Author's letter to the reader from the back cover:
Dear Reader,
Expert Network Time Protocol provides you with the tools to
design and configure NTP on a wide spectrum of network types
and sizes. This book elucidates the importance and significance
of NTP in modern-day networking environments; delves into NTP's
history, operations, and architecture; and considers the role
that NTP will play in the future of networking. But it is also
my intention to stir your imagination regarding time.
After all, the goal of NTP is accurate and synchronized
network timekeeping.
The two parts of this book are distinctly different but inseparable.
As you learn in part 2 about the nuts and bolts of NTP operations,
security features, design, and configuration in diverse multi-OS
environments, you'll discover in Part 1 the keys NTP holds to
a greater understanding of the transcendence of time.
The subject of time spans professional, educational, social,
and cultural boundaries. Whatever your passions in life, chances
are at one time or another you've grappled with time-related issues.
Scientists, historians, poets, and philosophers alike have
struggled to understand and define time. And, in their unique ways,
they've been theorizing and writing about it, well, for a long time!
So while you consider the issues of topology and time sources
as part of the NTP design process, why not go beneath the surface
of what time is about? Explore time from the perspective of
the special and general theories of relativity. Sneak for a few seconds
into the world of quantum physics, and place yourself in the position
of subatomic particles that live, well, for a very, very short time.
Consider what poets have been saying about time. See how philosophy
struggles to define time. Finally, take a journey through history
to learn how past events laid the groundwork for modern-day IT
industry trends and networking technologies, including NTP.
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Expert Network Time Protocol
Author: Peter Rybaczyk
Hardbound (June 2005)
ISBN: 1590594843
Order from Bookpool.com
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Cisco Router Troubleshooting Handbook
By Peter Rybaczyk
Excerpt from the preface
About this book
Welcome to the Cisco Router Troubleshooting Handbook.
Cisco's routers range from low-end access devices to
high-capacity modular low-end access devices to
high-capacity modular |
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switch-routers deployed in the core of
the Internet. Cisco's IOS is a complex operating system that
must be activated by network administrators through
configuration. When the increasingly complex router hardware
is combined with the feature-laden IOS, the probability
increases that something somewhere may not work quite right.
That's where the Cisco Router Troubleshooting Handbook comes
in.
This is the book you can turn to when routers and
internetworks that are supposed to be running smoothly are
having hick-ups instead. There are hundreds of ways to
misconfigure a router but only a few to configure it
correctly. Some misconfigurations are not permitted by the
IOS. Others, however, are silent. Only the bad results which
they produce (packets unable to reach destinations,
bottlenecks, unusually high router utilization, routing
loops) speak loudly that something is wrong.
It's those silent misconfigurations and pitfalls degrading
your network that are cracked and explained in the pages
that follow. The uniqueness of this book lies in the
approach taken to isolating, correcting, and avoiding
problems. The bad stuff is analyzed side by side with the
good. You will learn about the undesirable symptoms and
their causes. You will also observe the process of
eliminating them. You will study the logical approaches to
troubleshooting that with time and practice lead to
intuition. And intuition is often what you need most when
the pressure is on to get the utmost from your net.
Is this book for you?
A well-functioning routed internetwork is an ultimate
example of teamwork. It's like a symphony orchestra where
the network administrator is the conductor. If you are
network administrator dedicated to setting up and
maintaining a well-tuned network, this book is for you.
How this book is organized?
This book is organized into three parts as follows:
Part I - Troubleshooting Tools and Philosophy (Chapter 1-3)
Chapter 1 is a warm-up but not an introduction. It delves
immediately into common misconfiguration problems related to
encapsulation mismatches, access control lists, autonomous
system numbers and OSPF area IDs. In chapter 2, the
troubleshooting philosophy and varying approaches to
troubleshooting are examined. Chapter 3 explores IOS
troubleshooting tools like the show command, ping, and
Telnet in the context of a sudden malfunction in a routed
internetwork.
Part II - Troubleshooting the Bottom Layers (Chapters 4-6)
Chapters 4 though 6 focus on spotting problems related to
the physical, Data Link and network layers. Physical
problems are examined in the context of access and high-end
Cisco 12000 series routers. Data Link layer issues are
covered as the network administrator stumbles through
optimization of an undocumented and poorly performing
internetwork. In Chapter 6 the focus is on duplicate
addressing and masks. Normal and inverted masks are
discussed in the context of numerous IOS configuration
commands.
Part III - Troubleshooting Routing Protocols (Chapter 7-11)
The last part of the book deals with troubleshooting routing
protocols: IGRP/EIGRP, OSPF, RIP and BGP. The last chapter
is dedicated to the analysis of the redistribution pitfalls
between them. With tens of thousands of networks comprising
the global Internet no one routing protocol is best for
every environment. All routing protocols share the common
characteristic of populating routing tables and exchanging
updates between routers. But successful deployment of
routing protocols demands clear understanding of their
unique characteristics. And in multiprotocol environments
the peculiarities of their interactions must also be
understood. These are the issues addressed in this part of
the book.
End matter:
The end matter of the book consists of three appendices that
include a bibliography, a guide to acronyms and a summary of
troubleshooting tips and issues. The summary of the
troubleshooting tips and issues in Appendix C is the essence
of the many topics covered in greater detail in the body of
the book.
Excerpt from Appendix C: Summary of Troubleshooting Tips
and Issues
ACL configuration tips
- The order of statements
in an access control list is important
- There is an implicit
Deny all statement at the end of a list
- An ACL including only
deny statements will deny everything
- An ACL with a Deny all
at the beginning of the list will deny everything
regardless of what follows
- Wild card mask in an ACL
is an inverted mask where zero bits compare
- ACLs are applied to
interfaces, not entire routers
- Keywords in and out are
used with ip access-group command to implement inbound
and outbound ACL filters on interfaces
BGP
- Default BGP
configuration is simple: activate the BGP process,
define neighbors, and inject routes into BGP
- Route maps and ACLs are
used to implement BGP routing policies, which tend to be
complex
- Misconfigured IP
addresses of neighbors are a common problem in BGP
configurations
- IP connectivity must
exist between BGP neighbors before a BGP session can be
established
- EBGP operates between
ASes, IBGP within an AS
- External BGP neighbors
typically share a physical subnet
- Transit AS needs to be
configured with a full IBGP mesh, route reflectors, or
confederations
- Routing loops can
readily occur in ASes which rely on the use of defaults
and deploy a combination of BGP/non-BGP routers
- Improper route
aggregation can result in undeliverable traffic
Classful routing protocols
- IGRP and RIP are
classful routing protocols
- Classful routing
protocols do not support VLSM
- Separation of major
network subnets with another major network leads to
problems with classful routing protocols
Data Link Layer problems (and remedies)
- Encapsulation mismatches
(reconfigure correctly)
- Excessive link
utilization (increase link's capacity)
- Interface controller
failure (replace)
- An LMI type mismatch
between a router and a frame relay switch will disable
frame relay links
- Non-routable protocols
can be bridged
- Excessive fragmentation
resulting from drastically mismatched MTUs impacts
router's performance
Duplicate IP addresses
- Address duplication can
occur within a subnet or between subnets
- Routing protocols like
OSPF and BGP fail to operate between neighbors with
duplicate addresses
- Duplicate addresses
within a subnet can result in lost connections and
"hangs" for the user of a network
- Duplicate subnets within
a larger internetwork can result in mis-delivered
traffic
- Review of ARP tables and
output from CDP helps with location of duplicate
addresses within a subnet
- Avoid address
duplication at all costs
Cisco Router Troubleshooting Handbook
Handbook
Author: Peter Rybaczyk
Paperback - 507 pages (February 2000)
ISBN: 0764546473
Order from Amazon.com
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Cisco Network Design Solutions for Small-Medium Business
by Peter Rybaczyk
In today's business world, investing in technology solutions
that improve productivity and save money is critical, but the
road to a modern, technology-driven business is full of pitfalls.
Cisco Network Design Solutions for Small-Medium Businesses
zeros in on critical solutions for networking professionals
who are deploying computer networks within a small-medium
business (SMB). You'll learn about core networking issues and
associated solutions, including security, IP telephony,
unified communications, customer relations management (CRM),
wireless LANs, and more within this complete design guide.
Cisco Network Design Solutions for Small-Medium Businesses is
separated into two parts. Part I helps you explore the network
design process, survey the SMB landscape, and identify your
network requirements from the edge to the core for an effective
solution implementation. Part II delves into security, CRM,
IP Telephony, unified messaging, IP/TV, and Wireless LAN solutions,
which can save business critical time and money.
For networking professionals, Cisco Network Design Solutions for
Small-Medium Businesses is a one-stop reference and design guide
for the effective implementation of SMB networking solutions that
enhance the bottom-line. It gives you the tools to:
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- Design and implement effective
network solutions by mastering the design process that is used
by successful networking professionals.
- Understand the diversity of
solutions for the SMB environment, avoiding the pitfalls of the
one-size-fits-all approach.
- Create effective and customizable
security solutions across the spectrum of SMB types and sizes.
- Exploit the trend of universal
communications convergence by expanding into the VoIP market
with Cisco's IP Telephony and unified communication solutions.
- Break into the fast-growing
CRM marketplace with Cisco integration solutions.
- Implement wireless LAN solutions
that facilitate productivity and workforce optimization.
Cisco Network Design Solutions for
Small-Medium Businesses
Author: Peter Rybaczyk
Hardbound - 336 pages (August 2004)
ISBN: 1587051435
Order from Amazon.com
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